# NATURAL JOIN operation

A NATURAL JOIN is a JOIN operation that creates an implicit join clause for you based on the common columns in the two tables being joined. Common columns are columns that have the same name in both tables.

A NATURAL JOIN can be an INNER join, a LEFT OUTER join, or a RIGHT OUTER join. The default is INNER join.

If the SELECT statement in which the NATURAL JOIN operation appears has an asterisk (*) in the select list, the asterisk will be expanded to the following list of columns (in this order):

- All the common columns
- Every column in the first (left) table that is not a common column
- Every column in the second (right) table that is not a common column

An asterisk qualified by a table name (for example, COUNTRIES.*) will be expanded to every column of that table that is not a common column.

If a common column is referenced without being qualified by a table name, the column reference points to the column in the first (left) table if the join is an INNER JOIN or a LEFT OUTER JOIN. If it is a RIGHT OUTER JOIN, unqualified references to a common column point to the column in the second (right) table.

#### Syntax

    TableExpression NATURAL [ { LEFT | RIGHT } [ OUTER ] | INNER ] JOIN { TableViewOrFunctionExpression | ( TableExpression ) }

#### Examples

If the tables COUNTRIES and CITIES have two common columns named COUNTRY and COUNTRY_ISO_CODE, the following two SELECT statements are equivalent:

    SELECT * FROM COUNTRIES NATURAL JOIN CITIES

    SELECT * FROM COUNTRIES JOIN CITIES
        USING (COUNTRY, COUNTRY_ISO_CODE)

The following example is similar to the one above, but it also preserves unmatched rows from the first (left) table:

    SELECT * FROM COUNTRIES NATURAL LEFT JOIN CITIES

Parent topic: JOIN operations